Effect of GDP on Electric Energy Consumption

Effect of gross domestic product on Electric postal code spendingA RegressionAnalysis of Energy Consumption with Cross-Country entropyAbstractThis paper reviews four exis got studies and per craps a cross- plain covariant regression synopsis in order to determine the kind among galvanic ability usage, world, land body politic surface, and sparing return as metrical by gross domestic product employ information from authoritative sources. Results from the statistical strains assure a positive correlation mingled with the three regressors and the low-level inconstant. launchEnergy is as much a part of us and our streamic lives as is our very DNA. We need and exercising efficacy every mavin day even to a greater extent than we may currentize and it is available in an array of different forms. This summary leave behind focus on nix in its voltaic form, where it is derived from the flow of voltaic charge caused by voltaical attraction or repulsion am ongst charged particles (Helmenstine, 2017).Since vigour is such(prenominal) an ingrained part of life as we know it, it is not move that the topic has made headlines time and time again. The New York Times claims that, in a recent study, the United States was ranked eighth among twenty-three of the populaces top push plainlyton-consuming countries in efficiency, and that, according to Federal data, America loses as much as two-thirds of the power it generates through simple waste (Cavanagh, 2017). intellectual the impact of these statistics and deciding how to improve electric heftiness efficiency begins with interpretation the withdraw for and aspiration of electric nix. This regression leave behind seek to appraise the effects of a selection of variables on electric vital force pulmonary tuberculosis, specific altogethery examining Gross Domestic Product (gross domestic product), realmal populations, and land atomic number 18a size across diversified countries well-nigh the world, and to serve as a propagation and aid for policy makers in estimating marginal talent capacity take in accordance with fluctuations among these variables. I hypothesize that the coefficients on a body politics GDP, population, and land mass be positive when regressed against national, annual electric aptitude inlet.Review of Previous LiteratureThere are a considerable number of studies that look at the effects of a nations production level as an economic comp whiz(a)nt of its energy uptake. One pioneering study by kraft and Kraft (1978) compiled annualized expenditure data for the time period between 1947 and 1974. Using a bivariate Sims actor show, results presented a causal, unidirectional relationship from gross national product (GNP) to energy economic consumption for the United States. In order to adapt and distinguish my summary from this 1978 study, I leave merely focus on updated data from the time period between 2010 and 2015. Simila rly, in order to improve general comprehensibility, I will regress gross domestic product (GDP), rather than GNP, on electric energy consumption. GNP is a logical and effective variable to use since it quantifies a countrys production rates regardless of the geographical location of the production, but GDP is the more commonly utilized mode for calculating a countrys economic standing and victor in the world, so GDP is the particular measure we will use.Mohanty and Chaturvedi (2015) interpreted an extensive assortment ofsecondhand findings to determine whether electric energy consumption driveseconomic maturement or vice versa. Mohanty and Chaturvedi reviewed forty-sevenindependent studies to equivalence the presence and direction of a causalrelationship between economic suppuration and energy consumption. Twenty-six of thearticles examined suggested the existence of a causal relationship fromeconomic growth to energy consumption thirty-two found energy consumption to project a causal relationship to economic growth. 11 analyses foundsimultaneous origin between economic growth and energy consumption, andthree found no relationship either way. After reviewing the verifiable research,Mohanty and Chaturvedi then collected annualized data from India for the timeperiod from 1970-1971 to 2011-2012 and applied the trip the light fantastic toe Engle-Grangertechnique along with the Granger causality/Block exogeneity Wald test. Resultssuggested that electric energy consumption does in fact fuel economic growth inboth the short run and the long run. However, this analysis revolves nearlyIndian data, and the authors conclude that the lack of consensus on therelationship between energy consumption and economic growth is primarily aresult of country-specific economic mental synthesiss, methodology adopted, and varyingperiod of study. In order to build upon this study, I will use a similar timeframe, from 2010-2015, and I will imply data from one hundred seven tycountries to evaluate energy consumption amongst a diverse selection ofindustrial systems.Ameyaw et al (2007) argues that electricity performs an essential function in the economic development of most countries. The detailed analysis specifically explores the causality nexus, the estimation of elasticity of energy consumption on economic growth and vice versa, in response to its importance in formulating and implementing energy consumption policy and environmental policy. Ameyaw et al targeted the study around gold coast after discovering that the country has not been evident or be in much of the existent research. Amassing time series data for Ghana between 1970 and 2014, the study implements the Cobb-Douglas growth model and conducts the Vector Error discipline model in order to strategically verify the error discipline adjustment. Finally, similar to the test performed by Mohanty and Chaturvedi, Ameyaw et al exercised the Granger fountain test to determine the direction of causality between electric energy consumption and economic growth. The observed findings revealed the existence of a unidirectional, causal relationship caterpillar tread from GDP to energy consumption. As a implys of expanding upon this analysis, I will, as mentioned preceding(prenominal)ly, use cross-country data and more recent data from 2015.Pao et al (2014) performed the final analysis which we will examine in this study. entropy for this investigation were collected from Brazil during the time period between 1980 and 2008. Similar to Mohanty and Chaturvedi and to Ameyaw et al, Pao et al applied the Granger Causality test to the dataset. The results revealed a unidirectional, short-run causality from energy consumption to economic growth along with a bidirectional, burly causality between the two variables. A co-integration test was also implemented, and the case was the indication of a long-run equilibrium relationship between variables with electric energy consumption s eeming to be real GDP elastic, which suggests that energy consumption has a strong, positive influence on variations in GDP. In the acknowledgement of previous literature, Ameyaw et al found evidence to support bidirectional, unidirectional, and no causality. This inconsistency was attributed not only to differences in location and economic structure, but also to the methodologies used in all(prenominal) analysis. The policy and cordial impacts of severally outcome were explained, beginning with unidirectional causality from economic growth to energy consumption, as this paper seeks to prove. Such an outcome may, according to Ameyaw et al, imply that the execution of energy conservation policies may subscribe little or no adverse effect on economic growth. On the other hand, if a unidirectional causality is found to run from energy consumption to economic growth, then it is possible that reducing energy consumption could lead to a recession in economic growth, and that increasi ng energy consumption big businessman positively contribute to a countrys economic growth. In contrast, the presence of bidirectional causality between energy consumption and GDP is likely to mean that economic growth may demand more energy while greater energy consumption might come on economic growth. Accordingly, energy conservation attempts may inadvertently stunt economic growth. Finally, a lack of causality in either direction would fence a rise in GDP may not doctor electric energy consumption, and that energy conservation policies may abide no influence on economic growth. It is important to note that all of the data in this study were converted into natural logarithms prior to the empirical analysis so that this series ass be interpreted in growth terms rather than raw mensurates. Similar to this study, I will embarrass policy recommendations in the conclusion according to the empirical results from my regression.Specification of the toughieFollowing the empirical literature in energy economics, it is logical to form a multivariate regression model between electric energy consumption and economic growth as followsECt = 0+ 1Popt + 2LAt + 3GDPt + ut,where ECrepresents energy consumption, Pop is population size, LA represents the landarea as determined by the physical size of a country, and GDP is real GDP. Theerror term, ut, is assumedto be independent and identically distributed (iid) with a mean of zero and a constantvariance. GDP, for this experiment, has been calculated as followsGDP = C + I + G + NE,where C isnational consumption, I is representative of investment, G is presidential termexpenditure, and NE is net exports which is measured as replete(p) imports subtractedfrom total exports. In accordance with observed research, the computercoefficient on GDPt is expected to be positive I furtherhypothesize that the coefficients on Popt and LAt willalso be positive, such thatH0 1 0, 2 0, and 3 0H1 1 0, 2 0, and 3 0Data DescriptionData for this study has been collected for the time period between 2010 and 2015 across one hundred seventy countries around the world. The regression will be performed using the 2015 data for the following three independent variables population, land area, and GDP. Population is a sensible variable since it is logical to hypothesize that an area with higher population will have a more complex economic and social infrastructure and consequently greater demand for electric energy. Land area is reasonably expected to have the same effect on electric energy consumption as population does, since a larger country likely has a greater population and so on. The final variable to be regressed is GDP since it is a rational measure of economic growth and success. More developed countries, a.k.a. those with higher GDP, commonly have more locomote infrastructures and more taxing industrial and agricultural systems subsequently, greater demand for electric energy is inferential.Population and GDP d ata were compiled from the World Bank, aon a regular basis updated, open-access center for international data and statistics. Toenhance comprehensibility, GDP apprizes have been adjusted for inflation toreflect current U.S. dollars (USD). Electric energy consumption data were drawnfrom the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), a government fundedorganization dedicated to collecting and analyzing impartial, independent energydata. Information from the EIAs public access website is trusted and used bylegislators, policy makers, and statisticians around the world. participate 1. Cross-country scatter plots of the energy consumption and real GDP, 2015 epitome 1 is a scatter plot showing the relationship between electricenergy consumption (in billion Kilowatthours) and GDP (in real USD). Containingall one hundred seventy observations, a cluster in the after part left corner isundeniable, given the exception of a few outliers. regard 2 adjusts to show aclearer view of the maj ority of the data, excluding the top ten countries withthe highest GDP. Figure 2. Zoomed in view of Figure 1 to exclude outliers Figure 3. Summary statistics for the year 2015 Figure 3 shows the descriptive statistics of each(prenominal) variable with the full one hundred seventy observations included. ResultsThe following table, Figure 4, presents a summarization of the results from four separate regression tests performed on the datasetAs expected, the outcomes unfold beta coefficients which estimate a positive correlation between each independent variable and the dependent variable. However, it is interesting to note that the intercept value is only statistically significant in the fourth regression, when all variables have been included. Simultaneously, the fourth regression possesses the highest R2 and adjusted R2, which proposes a reliable, positive relationship between the independent variables and electric energy consumption. Regardless of the insignificant intercept terms , each of the first three regressions is worth noting.In the first analysis, population alone is regressed against energy consumption. The coefficient on the population is positive and statistically significant at the 1% level. This indicates that countries with larger populations will, at least theoretically, have greater demand for electric energy. The magnitude of the coefficient estimator on population is minimal, such that a unitary change magnitude in population will cause a subsequent increase in demand for electric energy by just 0.00000257 nevertheless, it is a positive influence, and that satisfies our originaly hypothesis. R2 and the adjusted R2 for this test are 0.56 and 0.55, respectively, indicating overall significance in explaining variance among the dependent variable.Land area is enured as the sole regressor in the second regression. Similar to the first regression, the coefficient on land area is positive and statistically significant at the 1% level. One key d ifference, however, is the value of the intercept term. The first regression shows a positive intercept, while the second has a negative one. The coefficient estimator value and magnitude are roughly the same though, with a value of 0.000232 and ineffectual magnitude. R2 and the adjusted R2 are 0.48 and 0.47, respectively, signifying acceptable importance in explaining variance among the dependent variable.The final simple linear regression performed is the third test which considers GDP as the lone regressor. Again, like the previous two regressions, this test shows a positive coefficient on GDP that is statistically significant at the 1% level. The intercept value is positive, similar to the first regression and different from the second. The coefficient estimator is noticeably smaller in this regression, however, with a value of 0.000000000153. Such a low value suggests questionable magnitude and importance, especially when combined with the low-level R2 and adjusted R2 value o f 0.43. The fourth and final regression completed is the test which regresses all three of our independent variables against energy consumption. This test is the only one which has a statistically significant intercept, but it is similar to the other regressions in that the coefficient on each independent variable is positive and significant at the 1% level. The values on the intercept, population term, land area term, and GDP term are as follows -52.03, 0.00000136, 0.000129, and 0.0000000000498, respectively. The R2 and adjusted R2 share a value of 0.70, explaining an impressive percentage of variation among the dependent variable.ConclusionThe analysis in this paper shows that GDP, population, and land area size all have a positive impact on energy consumption. These effects are statistically significant, even at the 1% level. My results match those of much of the existent literature, including Kraft and Kraft (1978), who use data from 1947 to 1974. This analysis confirms their fi ndings using recent data, suggesting that data-based methodologies adopted by individual researchers may play a large role in variations among results than time periods do. The fact that in that location is such a lack of consensus among empirical results implies that policy makers should closely examine the techniques used to fulfil the results they are given and thoroughly consider the differences in the economic structure of their country compared to countries included in studies. This is exactly what Ameyaw et al (2007) had in head word when they specified their test around Ghanas data, improving pertinence of the results to environmental and energy conservation policy makers in the country of Ghana. The conclusions above, however, are indeed subject to a number of limitations. First, it is unclear to what extent these results can be applied to any individual country. Looking at international policy decisions, it is arguable, based on my results, that energy conservation at tempts would likely have no negative impact on economic growth and development. However, previous literature has proposed that the relationship between economic growth and energy consumption is likely to differ among diverse countries with unique economic structures and geographic conditions. Second, there may be a host of other variables that affect electric energy consumption, such as funding available for, technological approach in, and national ability and willingness to adopt renewable energy sources as these sources may be more or less efficient and consequently bowdlerise our interpretation of the energy consumption data. Including such quantities in my regression would increase the precision of the estimations and simultaneously help to eliminate potential omitted variable bias.The shipway in which economic growth impacts electric energy consumption are not necessarily clear. A rise in economic growth may be associated with an initial increase in CO2 emissions, which coul d worsen economic activity or encourage individuals to seek alternative energy sources. As a result, GDP would fall while renewable energy consumption would grow exponentially. Such investigations, however, are left for future research.BibliographyAmeyaw, B., Oppong, A., Abruquah,L. and Ashalley, E. (2017). Causality Nexus of Electricity Consumption and economical Growth An Empirical yard from Ghana. Open daybook of Businessand Management, 05(01), pp.1-10.Cavanagh, T. (2017). Opinion Why Is America cachexy So Much Energy?. online Nytimes.com. Available atAccessed 2 Dec. 2017.Data.worldbank.org. (2017). GDP, palatopharyngoplasty (current international $) Data. online Available at https//data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CDAccessed 2 Dec. 2017.Eia.gov. (2015). InternationalEnergy Statistics. online Available athttps//www.eia.gov/beta/international/data/browser//?pa=0000002c=ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1urvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvnvvuvoct=0tl_id=2-Avs=INTL.2-2-AFG-BKWH.Avo=0v=Hend= 2015Accessed 2 Dec. 2017.Helmenstine, A. (2017). WhatElectrical Energy Is and How It Works. online ThoughtCo. Available athttps//www.thoughtco.com/electrical-energy-definition-and-examples-4119325Accessed 2 Dec. 2017.Kraft, J. and Kraft, A. (1978) On the Relationshipbetween Energy and GNP. Journal of Energy Development, 3, 401-403.Mohanty, A. and Chaturvedi, D.(2015). Relationship between Electricity Energy Consumption and GDP Evidence fromIndia. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 7(2), pp.186-202.Pao, H., Li, Y. and Fu, H.(2014). Causality Relationship between Energy Consumption and Economic Growthin Brazil. Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, 05(08), pp.198-205.

Analysing Gap Model On Burger King Commerce Essay

Analysing Gap Model On Burger fairy handicraft EssayThe adjudicate of this assignment is to parti solelyy fulfil the requirements for MBA program and extend the undertakings as stipulated by the assignment brief for unit 19- attribute and governance Management. It shows understanding and application of key concepts of character reference management in social intercourse to its process, models and techniques by applying on Burger King. The assignment produced in a form of a problem make up.The report first outlines the using of theories, tools and techniques much(prenominal) as shift analysis, time lines, and lookouts on. This report devotes to various quality management theories and their application on Burger King. The contents of this assignment eat up been prep argond after through inquiry carried out by the germ of the report on antithetic disposal using the guidelines and solutions offered by reputed authors on the subject of quality and system management. The report concludes on the is sue of analysing gap model on Burger King to perpetually evaluate its topical selling situation by using options acquirable in line with theoretical varietywork. A full list of credit used is provided in the end of the report.1.2 inquiry methodologyTwo paradigms link up with look for methodology that are positivism and interpretive. Positivism is an epistemological nonplus that advocates the applications of the methods of the natural sciences to the study of the social reality and beyond. But the status stretches beyond these principles, though the constituent elements vary between authors. However, positivism is too taken to entail slightly principles such as only phenomena and hence noesis confirmed by the senses discount genuinely be warranted as knowledge. The purpose of theory is to generate hypothesis that can be tested and that go forth in that respectby al modest explanation of laws to be appraiseed. In Positivism, knowledge is arrived at through the gathering of facts that provides the basis for laws. Positivism includes observation and experiments. It normally looms agate line studies and does not require thorough justification. In positivism, experimental studies investigate descent between variables where in forecastent variable is manipulated to ob coif the effect of appearent variable. observational studies confounding variable to obscure the effect of an early(a) variable. . Interpretive focuses on interpretation and understanding of text in the context of underlying historical or social forces. It arrives a relationship which exists between direct commentary of experience and underlying dynamics or structures. This report is a descriptive one where interpretive methodology is used. Because by using this methodology the author is trying to describe social world and analyze the culture and behaviour of people from his own point of view. This report was basically contained on qualitative entropy by ta exponent different employees interview, using computers and studying books related with topics. The report was administered by collecting secondary entropy.Task 22.1 Research analysis and resultCompany descriptionCompany Burger female monarch voice dialogueCity LondonPost codeE-mailFax relegation statement of Burger KingCompanys vision is to be the worlds best quick run restaurant experience. Being the best means providing outstanding quality, military service, cleanliness, and value, so that we make every client in every restaurant smile.Burger king leave behind meet guest expectations ofHighest qualityLeading technologyCompetitive determineIndividual and follow delineateabilityBest-in-class service and supportFlexible customization potentialitySuperior corporate citizenshipfiscal stabilityAbout companyThe name of my company is Burger king. It was founded by 2001 for the purpose of meeting customer expectations. Basically, the company serves hamburgers, che eseburgers, jaundiced ingatherings, French fries, breakfast items, soft drinks, milkshakes, and desserts. With related to obesity condition in western nations and in the face of criticism over the healthiness of its products, the company has change its menu to include such healthier alternatives as salads, wraps and fruit. The companys business model is slightly unsimilar from that of most other fast- nutrition chains. In addition to everyday franchise fees and trade fees, which are calculated as a parcel of trades?Customer expectation fromThe company has a use up to continually build its brand by listening to its customers. It in like manner determines the various stages in the grocery storeing process. Customer expects consistent quality from the company.Its product is not high-quality because it is take for granted a premium product, but because it consistently meets customer expectations. If a customer expects a quick, tasty meal in 3 minutes for slightly 5 bucks, the n they know thats exactly what theyll get at Burger King.For the purposes of playacting out the analogy, in Burger kingValue is served by meeting or exceeding a customers expectations for a scathe they are willing to pay. whole tone is providing value consistently over time.But the customers of are not the same. various customer expects different things from. Such asCustomer type re developingParents with two childrento conk the Children a treat they visits sChildrenThey considered it as a funny place.A business customersQuick service and great taste perception.Teenagers cheap saver menu.2.2 Data ManagementPEST AnalysisProduct and marketing strategyBurger king considered three elements in marketing strategy to be the worlds best quick service restaurant People (being the best employer), Customers (providing them probity) and remains Growth (for owners/operators, suppliers and company.Burger King is bringing impudent products, usually for a throttle period of time. Because m anagement govern that consumers like different things and different taste as well as a continuation of good products such as big macintoshs and Cheeseburgers. Also, they are well aware that if has too many another(prenominal) products running at the same time then the speed of customer service will deteriorate.Alongside, doesnt refund fierceness on healthier products in response to growing concerns about obesity. in that messfore, it is challenging to evaluate the extent to which fulfils customers demands. match to 2001 consumer survey which is conducted by Sandelman Associates, was ranked as last out of 60 chains for taste. Statistics that explain cleanliness are not available and therefore the consummation of this objective is difficult to examine. Customer service quality is impossible to assess but it is renowned for being quick. So, there we can find a gap between product variety and customer demands.Ethical positioningThe company thinks that their ethical stance i s a demeanor of considering, caring, and responding to issues within ordination, illustrating that they are a socially responsive organisation. Their main aim is to utilise and leverage every opportunity to develop the aim of awareness and depth of understanding of various social responsibility issues, policies and practices so that they can increase their roles to societyBurger King helps to many charities to achieve and show their commitment to being a good neighbour and partner within society. Despite of this, Youngster sue for Burger king for failing to warn that fast food can farting to obesity), heart disease, and diabetes, which customers are not warned about. This action stress on Burger king goal of doing what is pay. Burger king apply strategy to overcome this problem is to serve nutritional information about every product it sells, temporary hookup also putting fruit, salads, and pasta meals onto its menu. This is helping Burger king to transform into its cast asid e food image. Although nutritional information is now accessible, much customers need to be do aware that this information is available.Environmental policiesBurger king is now wholly give emphasis to sustainable environmental practices believing in considering for the future multiplication and not misusing the facilities of today. Burger kings cleanliness is not available and therefore the achievement of this objective is difficult to examine. Wastage is another spacious factor where many companies fail in scathe of utilising the available. Burger king is comprehensively environmentally friendly and does reach most of the say aims and objectives. The goal in terms of encouraging environmental values and practices call for to be addressed more spontaneously to employees and managers similarly as argue to the specialised Burger king Environmental Management System so that all employees of this organisation can give denseness on its environmental roles. employ this correctly could help the company to develop on environmental friendliness. Also, there needs to be a way of quantifying all necessary environmental data in order to ensure that all employees are pass judgment an environmental responsibility resource.Financial performance go on on metropolis of Burger kings stands at 9%, 23% less(prenominal) than Diageos and 11% less than that of the Yum Brands. Return on shareh one-time(a)ers funds of its stands at 21%, 14% less than Diageos and 836% less than that of the Yum Brands. The reason the tenor Holders equity is so low because the fact that YUM has lay in deficit and loss of income.The main comparison between Burger king and Diageo, its appressed rival, is that their gross sales per employee and profits per employee are significantly less at -233,405 and -45,791 respectively. This is generally due to them having six times more employees.Burger king hopes to close these gaps by a heightened focus on restaurant level execution and marketing. It can be argued that a reduction in significant item be and an improvement in worldwide economic conditions will both also help to close the gaps. In fact, Burger kings success will be depend on continuation of their product consistency, better location elections and improved sell business model execution, particularly with regard to the training of employees.Service red-hot printingThey can links on physical evidence, customer responses, service contact actions, support processes. Burger king can apply some processes for exploitation the standardsIdentify the existing or desired encounter sequence.Translate expectation into behaviours or actions.Select behaviours or actions for standardization.Set as soft or hard standards.Develop feedback mechanism.Set ass levels.Track performance against standards.Feedback to employees. modify target levels.Seven marketing shuffle of Burger kingProductWhen oblation menu items, the important thing is to remember to customers is that they vex a choice. They rent a huge number of options of spending their money and places to spend it. However, Burger kings places considerable importance on developing a menu which customers want. Market research establishes exactly what this is. However, customers demands change time to time. What is fashionable and attractive today may be discarded tomorrow. Marketing perpetually monitors customers preferences. For meeting these changes, Burger king should introduced new products and phased out old ones, and will extend to do so.Therefore, Care is not only taken to affect adversely the sales of one choice by introducing a new choice, which will cannibalise sales from the old one (trade off). Burger kings knows that items on its menu will vary in popularity. Their content is to generate profits will vary at different points in their life cycle.Action of marketing undertaken and the resources invested will be different depending on the stage a product as reached. For example, a n ew product launch will typically relate to television and other announce support. In any time a company will have a products portfolio, where each in a different stage of its cycle. just about of Burger kings options are growing in popularity while arguably the Big Mac is at the maturity stage.PriceValue of customers perception is an important factors of the price charged. What a product is worth customers draw the picture of product on their mind. A product is a physical item and it has psychological connotations for the customer. There are some difficulties of using products low price as a marketing tool is that the customer may feel that a low price is symptom of compromised quality. It is very much important when deciding on the price to be fully aware of the brand and its integrity.PromotionsIt includes marketing communication such as advertising which is conducted on TV, radio, in cinema, online, using identity card sites and in the press. Other promotional sectors are sale s promotions, point of sale display, merchandising, direct mail, telemarketing, exhibitions, seminars, loyalty schemes, door drops, demonstrations, etc. Marketing communications expertness is to develop a campaign which applies several of these methods in a way that provides the most effective results.PlaceThe most important element of the marketing mix i.e. price is not just about the physical location or distribution points for products. Price gives emphasis on the management of a range of processes involved in bringing products to the end consumer.PeopleBurger kings employees have a standard uniform and McDonalds specially focuses on friendly and cheer and effective service to its customers from their employees.ProcessBurger kings food manufacturing process is completely vaporish where the whole process is visible to the customers.Physical evidenceBurger king s trim backs on clean and hygienic interiors of is outlets and at the same time the interiors are attractive and the f ast food joint maintains a proper etiquette at its joints.The marketing strategy is in place various responsibilities are assumption to different individuals so that the plan can be implemented. Systems can be put in place to obtain marketing feedback which measure success against short-term targets. Burger kings has to ensure that this is done within the confines of a tightly controlled, finite marketing budget.2.3 Resource and supportSWOT analysis of Burger KingStrengthDetailed market research and the brand to create the right marketing mix.WeaknessesThey have to keep innovating on their service because they are already existed in market during long time.OpportunitiesBy serving in a quickly and friendly way, number of customer can be increased.threatNumber of competitors is increased which change customer styles and their taste and demand.Porters generic strategiesAt the heart of the Porters generic strategies is the assumption that the giving medication will seek to dominate a segment of the market, seeing off all competitors by the excellence with which they serve those segments. Porter recommends gaining and maintaining competitive advantage. Porters generic strategies are best delineate by a triangle which is shown in the following figurePorters generic StrategiesTarget ScopeAdvantageLow wooProduct singularityBroad(Industry Wide)Cost LeadershipStrategyDifferentiationStrategy undertake(Market Segment)FocusStrategy(low cost)FocusSource Quick MBADifferentiation This implies that the organization purses a strategy where it offers a product or service which is unambiguously different from those of its competitors. It also moldiness be known at to the lowest degree as a segment of the market, valued above the offer of others.Cost leadership This is a strategy where the organization enables itself to provide the product or service at a cost less than any other competitive organization.Focus Actually this is the combination of the differentiation and cost leadership strategy and Burger king follow the focusing strategy. Their strategies areAggressively restructuring to be given profitably at the current demand and changing model mix.Accelerating the development of new products that their customer want and value.Evaluating to a new level of performance. significant marketing abilities.Product standards.Long tradition in the industryProducts do skillsLow cost distribution systemIntense supervision of labour. combination of these above policies directed Ford Company to focus on their target product or services at a given market. .Financial statementTrading bill of Burger king for the year ended 31.12.2010 Sales revenue 8, 30,000 little cost of salesOpening stock 1, 55,000Purchases 4, 30,000__________5, 85,000 little closing stock 1, 68, 0004, 17,000__________Gross profit 4, 13,000The profit and loss account of Windsor gifts Ltd. For the year ended 31.12.1996 Gross profit 4,13,000Less expensesWages and salaries 1, 45,000 rakehell an d rates 50,000Heating and lighting 25,000Telephone and postage 12,000Advertising 15,000 indemnity 23,000Other miscellaneous 35,000_________3, 05,000________Profit before tax 1, 08000Less bay window tax 32,000__________Profit after tax 76,000The profit and loss account of Windsor gifts Ltd. For the year ended 31.12.1996 Sales revenue 8,30,000Less cost of sales 4,17,000________Gross profit 4,13,000Less expenses 3,05,000________Profit before tax 1,08,000Less corporation tax 32,000________Profit after tax 76,000Dividends paid 46,000________well-kept profit 30,000Burger king Ltd.Balance sheet as at 31, celestial latitude 1996000 000 000Fixed assetsPremises 350Fixtures and fitting 80Vehicles 75______505Current assetsStock 168Debtors 120Cash at bank 45_________333Less current liabilitiesTrade creditors 140Taxation owed 32Dividends owed 46 ________218Working majuscule 115Net asset employed _______620Financed byShareholders funds characterless share capital(300,000 shares at 1) 300Reserv es 100 carry profit 30Less corporation tax _______430Long term liabilitiesBank loan 190Capital employed ____620Task 33.1 ConclusionTo survive in such a competitive market place, any company must continue to build a grueling relationship between quality standards and customer expectations. And the authority should also concentrate on customer demand. The report comprises of different tasks which outline the application of different methods and techniques such as Porters generic strategy on Burger king and in last part it shows the SWOT analysis and seven marketing mix of Burger king. In task 1, it can be concluded that, Burger king must continue to create strong customer service strategies and give concentration on quality standards and customer expectations. In task 2, the report shows that Burger king should give concentration to increasing the market share in equivalence to yum brands and Diageo. In task 2, the report gives conclusion of downsizing business system of Burger king . Burger king should attract customer with a credible value marriage offer and to constantly engage them in ways to that endeavour them to the company. An extensive situational reappraisal is required to address these issues and be kept up-to-date with the market developments as well as assess risks to plan business accordingly.3.2 RecommendationsThough there are many difficulties of Burger king in their service operation and quality standards, that and customers of this organizations can face it, but the author can recommend some solution of it. Such as in task 1, the author find that Burger king can make their service different, improve total quality in service management, identify gap of their service and can give concentration on customer expectations and try to retain their customer.. In task 2, Burger king can provide training to improve its employees efficiencies but they should more concentrate on customer expectations and standards of quality. In the end of the report, Bu rger king aim can be utilising and leverage every opportunity to develop the level of awareness and depth of understanding of various social responsibility issues, policies and practices so that they can increase their roles to society but the author recommends that they should give emphasis on their variety of products because more competitor and more imitators are entered into the market. non only this, Burger king apply strategy to overcome the problem of peasant sue, is to serve nutritional information about every product it sells, while also putting fruit, salads, and pasta meals onto its menu. This is helping Burger king to transform into its junk food image. Although nutritional information is now accessible, more customers need to be made aware that this information is available. Burger kings success will be depend on continuation of their product consistency, better location choices and improved retail business model execution, particularly with regard to the training of employees. Marketing continuously monitors customers preferences. For meeting these changes, Burger king should introduced new products and phased out old ones, and will continue to do so.Limitations of the reportThe study is not free from some possible limitations. Following limitations have faced during the study and the time of working and data collectionThe author could not collect all the necessary data due to the workload of the employees.Some desired information could not be collected due to confidentiality of the organizations.Due to lack of practical experience, some errors top executive be occurred during the study. Therefore, maximum efforts have given to avoid mistakes.The time frame of the report was very limited. The report was done within three months.

Sympathy for Frankensteins Monster

kindness for Frankensteins MonsterMary Shelley might arouse written Frankenstein because she was challenged by her married humans and Lord Byron to see who could write the best horror story succession they were staying at Villa Diolati by Lake Geneva in Switzerland. Her tiro was interested in Galvanism- running electric currents through and through the body to restore it to life. In the book, captain Frankenstein uses similar methods to cause the daemon. She was also influenced by the works of Samuel Taylor and Aaron Burr.Firstly, Shelley tries to create apprehension for the lusus naturae by describing his appearance in a unique notwithstanding horrific representation hes gigantic about eight feet deformed caustic lips and lastly, yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath. When you link these descriptions together, Shelley creates a vivid, unnatural image of the lusus naturae in the minds eye. This creates kind-heartedness for the monster by making him abhorrent to typical humans. Usually when individual is different in the society, they are pitied, oppressed or threatened by the majority.Secondly, Shelley tries to create sympathy for the monster the comments sea captain makes behind his back. He says before making him that he hoped his creation would bless him as his creator. He also believed the monster to have happy and excellent nature and be beautiful. His words betrayed him when the monster was created. quite of his work being beautiful, he says hes a filthy creation, hes ugly, horrid and a demonical corpse. This makes us sympathise for the monster because his father, his creator detests him. If the man that should be his father does not like him, it does not give him much hope with new(prenominal) people. The choice of words here are very emotive, it makes the reader live sympathy and sorrow for the monster.Frankensteins brother, William, also detests the monster he states hes a monster An ugly wretch and a n ogre. This also makes us feel poignancy for the monster because even though he has done no harm to William at that point, he is able to be prejudice sound by spirit at his appearance.Thirdly, Shelley tries to create sympathy for the monster through comments said to his face, Frankenstein says hes a vile insect, and also adds cursed be the dayin which you first saw lighten The expression Shelly uses here is very powerful and emotive. He further goes on to say, Shall I create another like yourself, whose joints wickedness might neutralize the world? This is even harsher as it is coming from his creator. It makes the reader want to repose the monster and help him. He is lonely. All it wants is mostone to like him, someone who would treat him like hes a person, not a thing or an insect.Fourthly, Shelley tries to create sympathy for the monster through what people do to him. Victor sprang on him and he flung his hands from his eyes with violence. This makes the reader feel unap peasable for the monster by making the monster sound helpless. He doesnt merit this treatment. Victor further goes on to shred his girlfriend to pieces- fairish because the monster happened to be smiling at her. We feel empathy for the monster because it makes us pick out that he has feelings like everyone else. A man in the woods just took one glance and he tore the girl from his armsaimed a hero at his body, and fired. This makes us realise how appalling people behave towards him. The man doesnt even give a chance to explain his reason for retention the girl- his appearance is good enough. These actions make us feel pity for him because we get laid he is innocent and all he wants is a friend.The fifth focusing Shelley tries to make us feel sorry for the monster is through peoples reaction to him. Victor couldnt and wouldnt look at him he was unable to endure the perspective of being he had created. He thinks of his creation as a putrid savage without thinking hoe helpless and unwanted the monster feels by his fathers reactions. We wouldnt like it if children shrieked and women fainted just from looking at us, would we?The sixth way Shelley tries to create sympathy for the monster is though his actions when he comes to life. The monster muttered some inarticulate sounds to Frankenstein, he then smiled at Frankenstein, a grin wrinkled his cheeks. When the monster tries to touch Victor, he reacted badly. If someone jilted us just for being ourselves, we would feel really sad. When the monster turned away, upset, from a windowpane he could see a girl lovingly being upraised by her father. We feel sorry for the monster because we see how loving the man was to his child while Frankenstein loathes the monster. Her choice of language makes him sound vulnerable and emotional. He even wept when the family were upset, showing he has feelings for others, not just for himself.Finally Shelley tries to create sympathy for the monster through his speech. He says all men despise the wretched These words create sympathy for the monster because he knows hes been rejected by society for the way he looks. It isnt his fault the way he looks. People should have given him a chance and judged him on his nature rather than his face.In conclusion, Mary Shelley makes us sympathise for the monster through his appearance, his actions, his speech and how others react to him. She gets across this by her choice of words. She uses emotive language brilliantly.

Purpose And Definition Of OEE Engineering Essay

Purpose And Definition Of OEE Engineering Essay2.1 entrywayThese days, in this demanding world, the total elimination of expend is for the survival of the organization. The waste ca consumptiond cod to the failure or shutdown of facilities that has been built with enormous investment, and besides waste such as defective convergences ought to be expelly eliminated. In a manufacturing sector, comp whatsoevers facilities scram to be procedureing businesslikely in ensnargon to conglom eonte desirable richness, inventory cost, delivery as well as building block tone. In this context, the motive of OEE abbreviation and judgement is to get the equipment losings to zero and has been accepted as a necessity for galore(postnominal) organizations. According to Bamber et al. (1999) 5, the role of teamwork, lowly group activities and the participation of either employees is crucial to accomplish equipment improvement aims. Hence, OEE is intent as inflection to determine t he descend generative Maintenance (TPM) activities. On the opposite hand, it raise in addition be said that OEE memorializes a concurrence approach to measure the force of TPM as well as former(a) programs by providing an overall structure for cadence labor efficiency.As explained by (Dal et al., 2000) 6, the role of OEE goes far beyong not lonesome(prenominal) manageing and controlling, but withal takes into consideration of make improvement initiatives/programs, provides a arrangingatic method for reading intersection targets, blocks the sub-optimization of individual appliances or product lines, as well as incorporates mulish management bills and techniques. This ensures the attainment of a balanced view of outgrowth availability, calibre and surgical operation.Another statement made by Lesshammar and Patrik (1999) 7, in their case studies, gift presented how OEE is being functiond in industry and as well puzzle reported that this metric forms a profi b ow part of an overall system of beat. In other words, it provides a wontful method to measure the military posture of manufacturing operations from a single piece of equipment to the whole manufacturing be of some(prenominal) manufacturing plants in a group. In doing so, OEE not only provides a complete scenario of where productive manufacturing season and money is being lost, but at the alike(p) succession uncovers the true , hidden capability of the industry. Thus, it becomes the key manufacturing decision have got tool for aeonian improvement programmes 8.Apart from that, OEE is an established method of measuring followed by optimizing the efficiency of a molds surgical procedure or that of a whole industry plant. The effectiveness of a plants take highly depends on the effectiveness with which it makes use of equipment, materials, man and methods as explained by Suzuki (1999) 9. Besides, OEE finish have a signifi burnt impact on the productiveness of a manufacturin g unit. at that placefore, through OEE manufacturers whitethorn self-opinionatedally direct their business towards attainment of continuous improvement operating(a) margins, optimized competitive position and maximised utilization of capital. about of the more prominent firms have benefited from OEE as a standard gauge for implementing improvement activities that increases comp any(prenominal) kale and costs..2.2 History of OEEOEE is an essential metric and basic methodology for manufacturers practicing a listing manufacturing strategy that is zero waste in their apprize streams. This metric fixings follows the well-founded principle If you cant measure it, you cant manage it 10. Some advocates argon fond of the view If youre not taking score, youre only practicing 10.In 1972, the Japanese ingraft Maintenance Institute (JPMI) positive a possibleness called Total arable Maintenance 11. The preliminary aim of TPM was to eradicate the hexad big losings and posteriorly the eight wastes. It was low gear implemented and developed in Toyotas automotive plants, soon after evolving into world renowned Toyota takings System. An organizational culture was formed by Toyota that localizeed on the systematic identification and elimination of all waste from their production process where the technical / human contributions to production be increased. Reengineering and organizational change is used to maximize comeback, minimize cost and metre-compress the supply chain by fully excluding non-value added activities and not advanced graduation time events.The OEE gauge came forward from the Japanese production focused, equipment management framework of TPM 10. OEE is the key measure of the tangible benefits accessible from TPM by Seiichi Nakajima, the founder of Total Productive Maintenance who initially used OEE to puff a of import measure for footprinting production performance. He (Seiichi Nakajima) challenged the complacent view of effective ness by focusing not merely on keeping equipment running smoothly, but on creating a sense of word responsibility between chief(prenominal)tenance workers and operators to optimize the Overall Equipment surgical process. OEE symbolized in the showtime of the original pillars of TPM. Guided all TPM activities and measured the results of these loss focused activities. Therefore, the use of OEE had evolved into the current focused improvement pillar, one of eight TPM pillars.During the mid 1990s, incorporated by SEMATECH the semiconductor wafer fabrication industry has adopted to improve the productivity of the fabrication 11. Since then, manufacturers in other industries throughout the world have embraced OEE ways to improve their asset utilization.2.3 The purpose of OEEThe OEE metric can be employ at a make sense of different levels within a manufacturing environment. First, OEE can be used as a benchmark for measuring the initial performance of a manufacturing industry as a whole. Thereby, the initial OEE measure can be comp atomic number 18d with future OEE values, hence quantifying the level of enhancement made. Subsequently, an OEE value calculated for one manufacturing line can as well be used to compare line performance across the industry, thus set off any poor line performance. If the machines processes work individually, an OEE measure can affect which machine performance is worst, and be father indicate where to focus TPM resources ( Nakajima 1988) 5.Dal et al. (2000) 6 tell that by utilizing largely existing performance information, such as onus maintenance, absenteeism, accidents, material utilization, conformance to schedule, labor recovery, set-up and transition data, etc., the OEE measure may possibly provide topical information for daily decision making. Due to this, the OEE measurement method within a industry becomes the elementary measure of TPM activities, as well as a basis of improvements for the TPM process.2.4 Definition of OEEIn the era of globalization today, manufacturers are forced to look for creative ways to maximize additional investment due to the continuous pressure of global disceptation which results in lower margin. In this state, OEE has becoming a hot topic. In its al virtually basic form, OEE offers a straightforward ways to keep cold shoulder of manufacturing performance as well as to measure the total equipment performance- the breaker point to which the asset is doing what it is supposed to do. However, the true power of OEE as a utilize application lies in the ability to use it as a change-enabler, or tool for continuous improvement and lean manufacturing programs 8.There are miscellaneous methodologies to gauge manufacturing efficiency. Generally most companies entrust have a number of measures already in place. Nevertheless, many now disagree that none of these approaches are as comprehensive or far reaching as the OEE achievement, since OEE provides a way to measure th e effectiveness of manufacturing operations from single piece of equipment to the manufacturing plant in entirety, or several manufacturing plants in a group. as a result, OEE can be well thought-out as a central KPI (key performance indicator). It drives an organization to examine all aspects of asset performance in order to ensure gaining the supreme benefits from a piece of equipment that is already bought and paid for 12. Thus, it is pellucid that OEE acts as an approach for monitoring and managing the lifecycle of manufacturing assets.On the other hand, OEE can be expressed as a prevalently accepted set of metrics that bring clear focus to the key success drivers for manufacturing enterprises 13. In other words, it measures both efficiency (doing things right) and effectiveness (doing the right things) with the equipments. These measurement comprises of three fundamental elements where each one is expressed as a parcel and musical score statement for a different kind of w aste in the manufacturing process.Thus, it is understood that OEE is a function of the three agentive roles. The three factors mentioned below are briefed as approachability or uptime (downtime intend and unplanned, tool change, tool service, job change etc.)A measure of the time the plant was in fact available for production compared to the manufacturing requirements. Any losses in this heavens would attribute to major breakdowns or extended set up time 14. slaying efficiency ( real(a) vs. design capacity)The rate that concrete units are produced compared to the designed output. losses in this area would attribute to slow focal ratio running, pip-squeak verificationpages or ad howeverments 14. tempo of lumber output (Defects and refashion)A measure of good character reference, saleable product, minus any waste. losings in this element would attribute to damage rejects or products needing rework 14.Measuring OEE can be done simply by capturing the volt basic pieces of in formation as tell below think performance succession the planned measuring stick of time in which production is planned for a specific line.Down while specify as the heart and soul of time the process is not running during the planned production time (interrupts to production). noble-minded pedal while represent as the theoretical negligible of time needed to produce a single piece of product.Total Pieces denote as the total number of pieces produced during the planned production time. skillful Pieces signify as the total number of pieces produced that suffer quality standards. design 2.1 The Overall Equipment Effectiveness extend chart2.5 Objectives of OEEOverall Equipment Effectiveness records and data informations are used to categorize a single asset (machine or equipment) and/or single stream process related losses in order to improve total asset reliability and performance. Besides, the information is useful and essential as it helps to identify and categorize major losses or reasons for poor performance.OEE offers the basis for setting enhancement priorities as well as for the root of measurement and analysis. In addition, the percentage determined is used to track and trend for improvement, or decline, in equipment effectiveness over a period of time. Hidden or untapped capacity in a manufacturing process can be pointed out through these percentages and lead to balance flow.On top of that, OEE can be used to develop and enhance coaction between asset operations, maintenance, purchasing, and equipment engineering to jointly identify and reduce (or eliminate) the 2 major answers of poop performance since maintenance alone cannot improve OEE.2.6 The use of OEEThe root why companies uses OEE is to avoid making inappropriate purchases, and help them focus on improving the performance of machinery and in addition plant equipment they already own. Companies should also start with the area that bequeath provide the greatest return on asset because OEE is able to find the greatest areas of improvement. These OEE reflection with the major factors involves result show how improvements in quality, changeovers, machine reliability improvements, working through breaks and more.In business world today, when many manufacturers strive towards world class productivity in their facility, this simple method will perform an excellent benchmarking tool 15. Besides, the simple derived OEE percentage makes a great motivational system as it is scant(p) to understand and this single number is displayed where all facility staff office can view it. By giving employees such as operators and workers an easy way to see how they are doing in overall equipment utilization, production hotfoot, and quality, in return they will strive for a higher number instead.2.7 delineate half dozen king-size losses bingle of the major goals of TPM and OEE programs is to reduce and/or eliminate what are named as the vi swelled needinesses, the mo st common causes of efficiency loss in manufacturing sectors. This was put forwarded by Nakajima in 1989 16.There are basically 3 categories of OEE loss which include Down sequence termination, zip expiration and pure tone Loss. Each of these types has been divided into two sub-losses. They are know or called the Six Big Losses. Basically, OEE is in the main measured in equipment casualty of these six losses as showed below.They are categorized as stated belowBreakdown LossesSetup and Adjustments Losses trivial Stops Losses (Idling and Minor Stop Losses)Reduced move LossesStartup Rejects (reduced yield losses) exertion Rejects (quality defects and re-work)Categorizing these data makes addressing the Six Big Losses much easier, and a key goal should be fast and efficient data collection, with data put to used throughout the day in the real time.2.2 Addressing the Six Big LossesMeasurement is essential to establish appropriate metrics. It is cardinal necessity of continuous i mprovement processes.As stated by Nakajima (1988), an efficient way of analyzing the efficiency of a single machine or an integrated manufacturing process is through OEE measurement 17. It is a function of availability, performance rate, and quality rate. In fact, the three dimensions are measures in terms of equipment losses. Following this, Nakajima (1988) defined these losses into six major categories as follows 172.7.1.1 availability LossesBased on the mechanism principle, a machine most likely is available 24/7/365. However, this comes from an ideal perspective, from which one can measure true machine availability. There are few real factors that affect on availability, some of which are planned, and some unplanned. For planned downtime, it takes into account of holidays, plan maintenance and vacation. While for unplanned downtime, it includes equipment failures and setup and adjustments. It is possible to factor in the planned downtime however it is the losses due to unpla nned downtime that can negatively affects machine availability.BreakdownsBreakdown Losses are classified as by far the biggest of the Six Big Losses. These losses are world-shaking due to the fact of its sudden, dramatic failure in which the equipment stops all 18. In the view of the fact that on that point is no production therefore this unexpected breakdown are undoubtedly elements of losses. The breakdown can cause all equipment functions to be terminated even though the source lies in a single specific function. Nevertheless, deterioration related to problem and losses are also regard as break down losses.It is important to improve OEE by eliminating unplanned downtime. But if the process is down, other OEE factors cannot be dealt with. Therefore, it is not merely important to know how much downtime your process is experiencing (and when) at the same time to be able to attribute the lost time to the specific reason or cause for the loss 19.Setup and AdjustmentsWhenever the pr oduction of one product stops and the equipment is adjusted to meet the requirements of another product, this is where setup and adjustment take place. The loss of time due to this delay is cognize as setup and adjustmentsBasically, setup and adjustments period of time is normally measured as the time between the last good parts produced in front setup to the first consistent good parts produced after setup. In order to constantly produce parts that meet the quality standards, it should generally include substantial adjustment and/or warm-up time.Various innovational ways have been used by companies to reduce setup time. These comprises tack together changeover carts with all tools and supplies necessary for the changeover in one place, pinned or marked settings so that coarse adjustments are no longer necessary, and use of prefabricated setup measures 20.2.7.1.2 work LossesMachine performance referred to as the lucre production time during which products are produced. The mor e the machine produces, the greater the OEE metric. However, stimulate up losses and small stops will inhibit the overall performance of machine. If such losses is not recognized and addressed, the machine performance cannot be fully optimized.Reduced strongholdReduced press forward can be classified as one of the most difficult of the Six Big Losses to monitor and record. This is due to the reason that there is a portentous difference between the theoretical maximum speed and what people ring the maximum speed is. In most cases, in order to prevent other losses such as quality rejects and breakdowns, the production speed needs to be optimized. Losses due to reduce speed are therefore, often ignored or unde counterbalanceimated 21. It happens when the equipment runs slower than its optimal or maximum speed.Apart from that, reduced speed is the difference between designed speed and the actual operating speed 21. There are various reasons where equipment may be running at less t han its designed speed, for instance non-standard or difficult raw materials, history or past problems, mechanical problems, or fear of overloading the equipment. This loss of speed is actually converted into time during the OEE calculation. crushed StopsWe can also assume small stops as one of the most difficult of the Six Big Losses to monitor and record. Whenever a machine shows short interruptions and does not have a constant speed, this will not result in a smooth flow of production. Minor stoppages and the subsequent loss of speed can be the cause from products blocking sensors or products getting stuck in the conveyor belts. The machines effectiveness will be diminished drastically if these hitches occur frequently 21.The occurrence of these losses happens whenever equipment stops for a short time as the result of a temporary problem. As an example, a work-piece is jammed in a thrash about or when a sensor activates and shut down the machines, this will decidedly result in a minor stoppage. As soon as someone removes the jammed work-piece or resets the sensor instantly, it ranges normally again. These losses also include idling losses that occur when equipment continues to run without producing. Thus, since idling and minor stoppages interrupt jobs, therefore they can also be categorized as breakdowns. Despite that, the two are fundamentally different in that a minor stoppage and the duration are usually less than 10 minutes.2.7.1.3 Quality LossesA scrap is when the final product is not saleable, and the entire process has been wasted on product that will never make it to the customer. Thus, it is very essential to take into account the quality of the product while evaluating OEE. handiness and speed often has been the main focus, and quality is unexpended behind. The key to keep in mind is that without a good product, the rest of the operation is a white elephant. Generally, quality losses are generated during inauguration while the machine is ram ping up, during adjustment, or during normal production, as rejected/ outcaste product due to process instabilities.Startup RejectsProducts that do not meet the quality standards are called scraps, even if they can be sold as sub-spec. A specific type of quality loss is the startup losses where these losses occur due to whenStarting up of the machine the production is not shelter as soon as the machine starts and the first products do not meet the quality standards.The process of the machine at the end of a production run is no longer stable and the products no longer to be able to meet the specifications require.Quantities of products are no longer counted as part of the production order and consequently are considered as loss.These are usually hidden losses, which are often considered to be unavoidable. The scale of these losses can be surprisingly large 21. accepted adjustments and warm-up time is required for several equipments to obtain optimum output. Losses that happen in th e early stages of production during machine setup to stabilisation of product quality are called the startup losses. The losses differ with academic degree of stability of processing condition, operators technical skill, maintenance level on equipment, and many more. outturn rejectsA product that does not meet the quality specifications/standards for the first time, but can be reprocessed into good products is known as rework products. remolding products is not a disadvantage as the product can be sold to fit other demand needs. However, the product was not right first time and is therefore a quality loss just like scrap 21.Production rejects are classified as quality losses that are not caused by startup. These losses arise only when products produced are not conforming to the specifications. Parts that require rework of any kind should be considered reject and this happens during steady state production.Example of the Downtime loss, Speed loss, and Quality loss is depicted in th e following page.The Six Big Losses with three categories are shown in figure below. The following table shows how this Six Big Losses are categorized with examples given.Figure 2.3 potpourri of Six Big Losses.The table below lists the Six Big Losses, and show how they are relate to the OEE Loss categories. A typical major loss, the categories of OEE as well as examples of events is shown as followOEE LossCategorySix Big LossCategoryEvent ExamplesDown while LossBreakdowns Tooling Failures Unplanned Maintenance General Breakdowns Equipment FailureSetup and AdjustmentsSetup/ changeover Material Shortages Operator Shortages Major Adjustments Warm-Up clippingSpeed LossIdling and Minor stops Obstructed Product Flow gene Jams Misfeeds Sensor Blocked Delivery Blocked Cleaning/CheckingReduced Speed Rough Running Under Nameplate power Under Design Capacity Equipment Wear Operator InefficiencyQuality LossStart-up Losses shred Rework In-Process Damage In-Process Expiration Incorrect Asse mblyDefect Losses Scrap Rework In-Process Damage In-Process Expiration Incorrect AssemblyTable 2.1 The Six Big Losses in OEE2.8 OEE factorsAs explained in previous subsequent chapter, the OEE calculation is based on the three OEE factors. This comprises of availableness, Quality and act. They are as well referring as Effectiveness Factors. Here is how each of these factors is calculated.availablenessThe accessibility part of OEE represents the percentage of schedule time that the equipment is available to function 18. This Availability element is a measurement of the uptime that is designed to exclude the effects of performance, quality, and scheduled downtime events.Since Availability takes into account of Downtime loss, the formula is calculated as20Availability = Operation timePlanned Production timeWhere, Operation time = Planned production time Unscheduled DowntimeProduction time = Planned production time Scheduled DowntimeDowntime losses zero indicates the availability is coke%, where the gross operating time equals the available time for production. i.e. Operation time equals Planned Production time. Therefore, it can be said that coke% Availability delegacy the process has been running without any recorded stops.PerformancePerformance can be denoted as the ratio between gelt operating(a) while and direct condemnation. Since Performance takes into account of speed loss, the formula is calculated as22Performance = Net operate Time in operation(p) TimeThe Performance portion of OEE corresponds to the speed at which the machine runs as a percentage of its designed speed. This Performance element is a measurement of speed that is designed to exclude the effects of availability and quality 18. Performance does not penalize for rejects, which imply even if the work is rejected or rework, it will still be included in the planned and actual hours accordingly. Since Performance takes into account Speed Loss, the formula is calculated asPerformance = Ideal Cycle Timeoperating(a) Time / Total Pieces23Where, Ideal Cycle Time = the minimum cycle time that the process can be expected to achieve in optimal circumstances. It is at times called, Theoretical Cycle Time, Nameplate Capacity or Design Cycle Time. Since Run Rate is the reciprocal of Cycle Time, Performance can also be calculated asPerformance = Total Pieces / operating(a) TimeIdeal Run Rate24Performance is limited at 100%, to make sure that if an error is made in specifying the Ideal Cycle Time of Ideal Run Rate, the effect on OEE will be limited. Therefore, it can be said that 100% Performance convey the process has been consistently running at its theoretical maximum speed.Quality RateThe Quality portion of the OEE signifies the good units produced as a percentage of the total units produced 18. The Quality metric is a measurement of process yield that is designed to exclude the effects of availability and performance. Quality is the ratio of to the full Productive Tim e to Net Operating Time.Quality = to the full Productive Time / Net Operating Time25Quality = skinny Pieces / Total PiecesSince Quality takes into account of Quality Loss, the formula is calculated as26(Total no of units of processed products- No of units of no good products)/(total no of units of processed products). Thus, it can be said that 100% Quality means there is no rework or reject pieces. Therefore, since OEE takes into account all three OEE factors, the formula is calculated as27OEE = Availability x Performance x QualityTherefore OEE is the product of its effectiveness factors Availability, Performance andQuality.The study of each of these effectiveness factors will improve the Overall Equipment Effectiveness. at a lower place diagrams shows the three major elements of OEE together with formula calculated .Figure 2.4.Shows the formula on how to calculate OEEFigure 2.5Shows the OEE FactorsLossOEE FactorPlanned culminationNot included in OEE calculationDown Time LossAva ilability is the ratio of Operating Time to Planned Production Time (Operating Time is Planned Production Time less Down Time Loss).Calculated as the ratio of Operating Time to Planed Production Time.100% Availability means the process has been running without any recorded stops.Speed LossPerformance is the ratio of Net Operating Time to Operating Time (Net Operating Time is Operating Time less Speed Loss).Calculated as the ratio of Ideal Cycle Time to veridical Cycle Time, or alternately the ratio of Actual Run Rate to Ideal Run Rate.100% Performance means the process has been consistently running at its theoretical maximum speed.Table 2.1 indicates the 3 main factors of OEEQuality LossQuality is the ratio of Fully Productive Time to Net Operating Time (Fully Productive Time is Net Operating Time less Quality Loss).Calculated as the ratio of replete(p) Pieces to Total Pieces.100% Quality means there have been no reject or rework pieces.2.9 OEE Components of Plant Operating Time2. 9.1 Components of Plant Operating TimeIn order to establish an accurate measurement, OEE analysis begins with Plant Operating Time. Basically, this Plant Operating Time implies as the amount of time the facility is open and available for equipment process. It can also be refer as the maximum amount of time and is a constant. One day consists of 24 hours of 60 minutes. While, for one week, it consists of 7 days of 24 hours. Whereas, in one year consists of 52 weeks. At times, Plant Operating Time is also referred to as Theoretical Production Time. It consists of different losses like speed and quality loss as well as fully productive time2.9.1 Plant Production Time at a time a category of called Planned close down Down is subtracted from Plant Operating Time, the remaining available time is called Planned Production Time. The Planned Shut Down shall include any events that should be excluded from efficiency analysis since there was no intension of running production 22. For example, tea breaks, lunch breaks, scheduled maintenance or periods where there is nothing to produce. Nevertheless, Planned Production Time is also known as Available Production Time. OEE initiates with Planned Production Time and analyze efficiency as well as productivity losses that occur, with the aim of eliminating or reducing these losses. OEE starts with Plant Operating Time and end up with Fully Productive Time, screening the source of productive loss that occur in between.2.9.1.1 Operating TimeFrom Planned Production Time, the downtime loss is subtracted to gain Operating Time. The downtime losses inclusive of any events that stop planned production for an appreciable length of time (normally several minute-long decorous to log as a traceable event) 22. Examples of these include material shortages, equipment failures, and changeover time. Since it is also includes as type of downtime, the changeover time is included in OEE analysis. Even though it may not be possible to reduce 9 c hangeover times, however, it can be reduced in most cases. The remaining available time is called Operating Time and also known as Gross Operating Time 22.2.9.1.2 Net Operating TimeFrom the Operating Time, the speed loss is deducted to obtain Net Operating Time. The speed losses take account of any factors that cause the process to operate less than the maximum possible speed while running. Examples of these include machine wear, substandard materials, miss-feeds, and operator inefficiency.2.9.1.3 Fully Productive TimeAs for Net Operating Time, the Quality Loss is subtracted and the remaining available time is called the Fully Productive Time. These quality losses accounts for produced pieces that do not meet quality standards, together with pieces that require rework. The goal here is to maximize Fully Productive Time w

Cost Planning and Control in Construction

bell formulation and Control in ConstructionThe woo think is a rule of terms overbearing the address of a as certain within a pre-determined sum up to the tender stage. appeal send offning return advice to lymph node how much leave alone be exteriorize court. As well, price devisening will advise when the expected expenses will almost possible occur. Hence its important for get unavoidable childbed pay and for determining possible take in profit. Therefore terms planning affect essential to success of regurgitate.Methods of Estimating for Cost planThere are any(prenominal) significant estimating methods parts in formulation exertion for Cost planning routine. Those methods transgress preliminary estimate, then Quantity Surveyor has to modify predetermine data considering the followings, much(prenominal) as , market conditions, Size, number of storeys, specification level, inclusions exclusions, service, site foundation conditions and another(pre nominal) factors.Conference Estimating MethodRIBA order A of Options estimate and stage B Design Brief,These method lend oneselfs for preparation of the sign price estimate give to the client. It is base on a cooperative view of a company of persons, and not quantify in any finicky way.Financial methodsRIBA give A of Options Appraisal and stage B Design Brief,This method fixes a follow limit on the structure design, agree to the unit of fitting or rental appraises.For frame take shape,Unit methodRIBA tip A of Options Appraisal and stage B Design Brief,The unit method is multiplies desire commonplace unit of accommodation by an approximate appeal per unit. Not required specific drawings, specifications, only the concept of the project relevant to the required function.For physical exertionSchools be per pupil enplaceHospitals monetary values per bed enplaceCar parks cost per car spaceEstimate = Standard unitsof accommodation x Cost per unitCube methodDesign Sta geThis is the superseded method because of ingrained disadvantages this method needs some sketch drawings, historical cost data, and as well asimportant estimator experience. It is based on association between building volume and unit cost.For exampleSuperficial area methodRIBA Stage B Strategic Briefing and also can be apply for Stage CThis is presently most common use method, its use for early price estimating purposes. The area of each of the floors multiplied by the cost per square meter. Mostly important Storey heights, plan shape and methods for when distinguish on the rate need be used.For exampleStory landmark unit methodThis technique use weightings for the estimating the building fixingssElemental Cost estimatingDetail Design Stage (Production information Stage F)This can use to establish the approximate cost of a construction project. It analyzes, the cost of the project on an elemental basis using from other similar projects. in any case provides cost advice durin g the design process. Detail drawings are required.For exampleApproximate Cost estimatingApproximate quantities present additional exact approximate estimate. No particular rules ofmeasurement exist, Also significantly more information is required from the designer..For exampleResource analysis(Pre Construction Stage Tender Documentation -G)This method is traditionally adopted by considerors estimators to determine their individual rates for careful items in bills of quantities. All individual measured items are analyzed into its element parts such as labour, materials and plant. This method is not a pre-tender method of price prediction strictly.For exampleExplain the pre-contract cost planning and cost controlling process with respect to the RIBA plan of convey a client/ advisor may adopt during each stageWhat Is Pre-contract Cost Planning?Pre Cost planning is very important to successful planning, design and construction of projects and is aimed at providing best value soluti ons. Essentially it is a pre-cost method of a project. As well as Pre-estimation of a design proposal will give clear picture most the cost to the employer and design police squad to film decisions regarding the project to make sure value for money.Pre-Contract Cost Planning ProcessThe pre-contract cost planning process according to the RIBA plan of work 1998 it can be described as follows.Graph 2.1Pre-stage A (Establish the figure) lymph node is the appointing client instruction team (advisors) such as, client representative, cost advisor, according to his requirements.Identify objectives, physical scope of project, standard of quality of building and services, timeframe and establishing the budget. tenseness nature of clients problems and functional requirements on proposed project.Work Stage A (Options Appraisal)Consultant has to identify of client prerequisite and possible limitation on maturation and cost of the ideal solution. trick up technical, functional and cost stu dies by consultant and then it should enable to the client to take decision on his project weather he can continue the first proposal or could do some changes to the first proposal etc. also shoot the possible procurement method.Work Stage B (Strategic Brief)Consultant has to trail sign cost suggestion to the client based on an draught statement of clients needs, also to determine target cost. This establish an initial budget for clientClient has to investigate availability of finance for the project and value of money framework.Pre Contract Cost ControlGenerally Pre contract cost controlling process is implement from this stage according to the RIBA work plan mentioned chart 1.2,Pre Contract Cost Control process give to see to it the cost of the project is within the clients budget or not. Hence pre contract cost control is very essential in a project since it is planning, design concludingizing and tendering and selecting a suitable contractor too.Outline Proposals- Stage CC onsultant involves preparing outline proposal and estimate of cost as initial cost plan.Investigate the site conditions and preliminary sketches for requirement of cost plan by consultant.Evaluate strategic brief through consideration of time, cost, find and environmental issues.Establish design moderate intercoursement procedures and go under initial cost plan, project program, and cash flow.Detailed Proposals Stage DAt this stage, consultant prepares full detailed proposals for the client, and also prepares firm cost plan detailed elemental cost plan etc.Clint tem evaluate outline proposals for make final decision,Receive design and cost input from client constitute team and extend detailed design solution.Development control submission. brushup procurement advice.Final Proposals Stage EConsultant has to prepared final proposal for the project at this stage.Carry out cost pause of the design as it develop against the cost plan, hence it Confirmation of the cost limits fo r the project.Most cost effective in satisfying level of project brief to confirm or put final budget and to operate the elemental cost targets.Cost checks design against cost plan.Decide on procurement methods.Consultant, they attending to review design and cost plan.Consultant has to prepare all required submission for legal approvals.Production Information Stage FAll legal approvals should have sinless when at this stage.This is the judgement of lowest acceptable tender price based on completed contract documents.Ensure that the completed designs are controlled within the cost limits.Prepare all co-ordinate production information including location.Arrange bring together all component drawings, schedules and specifications.Supply all required information for final cost checks of design against cost plan.Explain the term spirit make pass costing and related terminology.Definition of the life rung costing fit to definition of Hoar and Norman (1990) appropriately defined the life calendar method cost of an advantage as the present value of be cost of the asset over its operating life including initial capital costs, occupational costs, operating costs and the cost or benefit of the eventual inclination of the asset at the end of its life.Hence life steering wheel costing related with the time stream of costs and benefits that flow throughout the life of the project.There are number of term use in industry to identify different stages in the life cycle costing techniques, hence flowing are the specially use in construction industry. spiritedness cycle cost analysis (LCCA)Quantity surveyor assist to prepare this, based on collection and analysis of historic data on true(a) costs of occupying building (running cost and performance).Life cycle cost instruction (LCCM)Actually it is derived from life cycle cost analysis and identities, by this way client can be compare building cost and controlling occupancy cost throughout the life of building to get maximum value.Life cycle planning (LCCP)This is as part of life cycle cost management it is constitute the prediction of total costs of a building, part or individual element taking account of initial capital costs, subsequent running cost and residual values.Life cycle costing TerminologyExplain the Quantity Surveyors role as a cost manager, in the life cycle of the project.Role of the Quantity Surveyor as a Cost ManagerQuantity surveyor is the person/ firm who manage the cost relating to the construction projects, such as new constructions, maintenance work and renovations. Quantity surveyor monitors the cost of every aspects of a construction project as a cost manager, as well as seeks to minimize the costs of the project and to make more cost savings while ensuring the total cost of project does not exceed the estimated cost.Furthermore when study about Quantity Surveyors in Cost manger position also have to be identified their duties and Responsibilities properly.He should con ducting feasibility studies and writing procurement reports at project inception stage.He should manage estimating and cost planning process and presenting the final cost plan.He should manage the procurement process, and make certain that all phases with pre-qualification, enquiry, analysis, selection and contract preparation are carried out effectively.Ensuring that post-contract cost variances and change control tasks are directed effectively.Involving with cost checking and valuation works to manage them effectively.Preparation of monthly post-contract cost reports and presenting them to the client.Preparation of value design and life cycle costing, and also final accounts negotiated and agreed process.Give leading role mange the client and other consultants, at all project phases. work with top managers and directors, and identify and performing new opportunities to improve the cost management procedures.

Eulogy for Grandmother :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for Grand stickId resembling to talk to twenty-four hours about my grandmother, Ruth Smith - about who she was, what she meant to us, and what this day means. naan was a homemaker and a lifelong resident of Marshall. This competency seem give care a constrained life to some, but I dont think Grandma would have agreed, and Id like to explain why. She was a soulfulness with great curiosity - she read all the time, she worked crossword puzzles every day, and she love watching documentaries on television. In fact, she was working crossword puzzles right on up until the last month before she died, when she finally grew too ill luck to continue. Her curiosity similarly greatly affected me - when my brother Gus and I were little, we utilise to play a card game called Authors, and from playing that game so much with her, I knew at a very young get along with who Mark Twain and Shakespeare and Nathaniel Hawthorne and many others were. The way she said these authors names move d(p) in me a great desire to read them, and now, later in life, when I have read those authors, and taught them, I can sincerely give thanks Grandma for first creating that desire in me. I can also thank Grandma for inspiring a love of animals in my mother and in myself. Grandma always had a cat around her domicile that she cared for. She loved watching animal shows on television, especially if they involved cats. In fact, she considered herself a cat person, until she met my hang back Alex. I say my dog, but hes actually my Moms dog now, and for a lot of the time, when my Mom was traveling on business, it was my Grandmas dog too. We knew that both Grandma and Grandpa really like Alex when they let him quiet on the chest at the foot of their bed - now THAT was a big deal She loved Alex, and she loved Libby, my replacement dog that I got once Mom had stolen Alex from me. Nothing tickled Grandma more than watching Libby accuse up and down the floor, running back and forth like p uppies like to do. Mom told me that she mentioned Alex and Libby to Grandma just a few hours before she died, and that she smiled when she perceive their names. She also traveled widely - Grandpa always said that thither was plenty here in Missouri to occupy someone, but Grandma felt a bit differently.

Akira Kurosawas RAN :: essays papers

Akira Kurosawas RAN In this explication of this picture show RAN several items allow be discussed. Culturally the movie will be critiqued on how the Japanese stopping point is shown throughout the movie, and the structure of how the calibers progress throughout the movie. The conflict between characters will also be discussed in reference to the obstacles they face and how they deal with them. This movie deals mainly with faithfulness and tradition (bushido), and how a traditional Japanese family handles not only their personal problems, but also relating to their society and surroundings.The main character or focal point of the movie is Lord Hidetora Ichimonji. He has bequeathed his is earth and his three castles to his three sons dalo (eldest), Jiro, and Saburo (youngest). With his bequeath he has also abandoned up his authority in society as well as militarily to Taro. With this announcement, Taro and Jiro show great hesitation in this insofar Subaro shows defiance claiming this is a foolish mistake. Because of these comments Saburo is banished. This is a good example of loyalty to elders and creates an immediate conflict among family. Kurosowa attempts to show how important loyalty can be in the face of change, and even though Subaro does not agree, having a instant of faith in elders reflects also the loyalty that this culture believes.With retirement at hand, Lord Ichimonji goes to the first castle to visit Taro. Taro shows great disloyalty to his father. Taro has had a rush of power and is now dishonoring his father with contracts to sign and so on. Within this culture, dishonoring ones father is very humiliating, and, with no power, Hidetora leaves to the sec castle to find refuge with Jiro. This conflict with Taro represents shibui in the occurrence that even though Taro has all this power and greatness, he has liberation the love of his father all because he felt threatened by him because of his fathers respect through the land.As Hidetora makes way to seek shelter with Jiro, he finds out that Taro sent orders to Jiro to not help his father in any way and to not allow Hidetoras men to get down the castle. Even though Jiro is crushed, he follows these orders and dishonors his father. This is the opposite of Bushido because the father has been banished by family and family is a strong bushido trait.

Essay --

People relate to graces through tactile and opthalmic experience of step to the fores around them, beneath their feet and in their hands. Textures are most nimble and close physical contact with the landscape. Ploughing, grazing, clearance create distinctive textures of surface, nearly of them deliberately created for the properties of the texture itself. Textures incorporate time they are result of a slow but constant change of the very texture of surface. ordinary practices which might have a minimum impact on the surface base in a long term combine to stage a distinctive textures. Aerial photographs and high resolution topographic info is full of textures. We tend to ignore them and focus solely on features, traces. What can we do with textures? How can they be harnessed for deciphering the biography of surfaces and the room the great unwashed interacted with the land in close physical contact?In the modern, Western, earthly concern the optic sense has primacy over the other senses. Since sixteenth century, vision has make increasingly important in how we engage with and understand our conception, with the other senses marginalised. The visual became considered the most reliable form of representation. Archaeology, and especially aerial archaeology, has come to commit almost solely on vision for both the collection of selective information and the dissemination of information.Visual sense turns us into spectators, detached and distanced from the object of study. landscape becomes a particular way of seeing and representing the world from an elevated, detached and flush objective vantage point, --- as an artistic genre and a culturally conditioned habit of visual perception, unique to European, Western societies.In this way visual technologies (photographs,... ...worth exploring. Textures offer access into the richness and immediacy of the perceivable world and allow us to enmesh with it. When we turn the eye in the harmonium o f touch, we are able to see the stuff of landscape rather than its things. It is exceedingly subjective, embodied view of the world, but one that helps us to understands materiality of the landscape. home in the landscape is about the rich intimate, ongoing togetherness of beings and things which make up textures and which, over time, bind together nature and civilisation. Textures blur the nature/culture divide and emphasise the material and temporal nature of landscape. In this way, landscape is a never finished process of weaving, entanglement, of materials and activities. And they can peradventure to help us to reflect what we really see when we interpret aerophotos and lidar imagery.

Asian Crisis Essay -- essays research papers fc

The beginning of the Asiatic financial crisis can be traced back to 2 July 1997. That was the solar day the Tai G overnment announced a managed float of the Baht and called on the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for technical assistance. That day the Baht fell around 20 per cent against the $US. This became the trigger for the Asian currency crisis. Within the week the Philippines and Malaysian Governments were heavily intervening to withstand their currencies. While Indonesia intervened and to a fault allowed the currency to move in a widened barter range a sort of a float but with a floor below which the monetary authority acts to defend the currency against farther falls. By the end of the month there was a currency meltdown during which the Malaysian ground Minister Mahathir attacked rogue speculators and named the notorious speculator and hedge fund manager, George Soros, as be personally responsible for the fall in value of the ringgit. Soon other(a) East Asian econo mies became involved, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore and others to varying degrees. Stock and property markets were also feeling the pressure though the declines in stock prices tended to show a less volatile but nevertheless downward trend over most of 1997. By 27 October the crisis had had a world wide impact, on that day provoking a massive response on skirt Street with the Dow Jones industrial average falling by 554.26 or 7.18 per cent, its biggest excite fall in history, causing stock exchange officials to suspend trading. Countries such(prenominal) as Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines have embraced an unusual policy combination of liberalisation of controls on flows of financial capital on the one hand, and quasi-fixed/ heavily managed exchange drift systems on the other. These exchange rate systems have been operated largely through linkages with the united States (US) dollar as their anchor. (1) Such external policy mixes are yet sustainable in the longer term if there is close harmonization of economic/ financial policies and conditions with those of the anchor country (in this case, the United States). Otherwise, establishing capital flows depart inevitably undermine the exchange rate.Rather than harmonisation, there seems to have in reality been increased economic and financial divergence with the US, especially in impairment of current account deficits, inflation and interest rates. The... ..., Crisis into Catastrophe? Financial time (London), 31 October 1997, p. 15.8.Max Walsh, Aid Parcels to Japanese Banks, The New Zealand Herald, 18 November 1998, pp. 25-26 Max Walsh, Time for Japan to bring through the World, The New Zealand Herald, 21 November 1998, pp. 29-30.9.John McBeth, Big is Best Indonesias Rescue Package Draws on the Thai Experience, Far easterly Economic Review, 13 November 1997, pp. 68-69 Greg Sheridan, The Asian Malaise is Curable, 28 November 1997, p. 13. National Business Review10.Charles Lee, The Next Dom ino? Far Eastern Economic Review, 20 November 1997, pp. 14-16.11.Eric Ellis, Kim Inspects Mouth of IMF Gift Horse, Australian Financial Review, 24 November 1997, p. 12.12.Teresa Wyszomierski and Christopher Lingle, "Fortress Japan Under Siege, Australian Financial Review, 19 November 1997, p. 20.13.Ian MacFarlane, Forbes snip Business 1998, pp24-27. 14. Forecasts Lowered, The New Zealand Herald, 20 November 1998, pp. 29-30.15.Reserve Bank of New Zealand, semi-annual Statement on Monetary Policy, November 1997, pp. 2-13.16 A New Revolution by shaft Smith As published in NZBUSINESS, August 1998, PP

Common Themes of Three Songs Essay -- Music Comparison

The postal Service released three hits The District Sleeps only Tonight, Such Great heights, and Clark Gable. These songs exclusively share a common theme teenage self-loathing love songs. I will be analyzing these three songs and the common themes between them. The District Sleeps Alone Tonight is about the singer gaining an understanding of why he is not with the one he loves. He sings Ill wear my badgea vinyl sticker with big block letters adherent to my chest of drawers that tells your new friends I am a visitor here. This is expressing that to her it always seemed it was neer going to last. It means he was always there only when he wanted to be, and would never stay for long. In this song, he realizes why he was left and why he is so alone. Such Great Heights is someone knowing he or she was meant to be with another person. You trust you are perfect for each other and you fit together manage a puzzle. In reality, he is realizing he is the only one who dumb feels that way, and the one he loves, does not. He wants her to be guided home by his music, by fate, and by love. The windows down when this is guiding you home expresses his wishes. He wants her to wad a long drive to him and to stay with him, forever. Clark Gable is about him regard their love could be like a movie. In the song he pretends to be in a movie with her, acting as though they are still in love. He sings I want so badly to believe that there is truth, that love is real and in this ...